- About MogDB
- Quick Start
- MogDB Playground
- Container-based MogDB Installation
- Installation on a Single Node
- MogDB Access
- Use CLI to Access MogDB
- Use GUI to Access MogDB
- Use Middleware to Access MogDB
- Use Programming Language to Access MogDB
- Using Sample Dataset Mogila
- Characteristic Description
- Overview
- High Performance
- CBO Optimizer
- LLVM
- Vectorized Engine
- Hybrid Row-Column Store
- Adaptive Compression
- SQL by pass
- Kunpeng NUMA Architecture Optimization
- High Concurrency of Thread Pools
- SMP for Parallel Execution
- Xlog no Lock Flush
- Parallel Page-based Redo For Ustore
- Row-Store Execution to Vectorized Execution
- Astore Row Level Compression
- BTree Index Compression
- Tracing SQL Function
- Parallel Index Scan
- Enhancement of Tracing Backend Key Thread
- Ordering Operator Optimization
- High Availability (HA)
- Primary/Standby
- Logical Replication
- Logical Backup
- Physical Backup
- Automatic Job Retry upon Failure
- Ultimate RTO
- High Availability Based on the Paxos Protocol
- Cascaded Standby Server
- Delayed Replay
- Adding or Deleting a Standby Server
- Delaying Entering the Maximum Availability Mode
- Parallel Logical Decoding
- DCF
- CM(Cluster Manager)
- Global SysCache
- Using a Standby Node to Build a Standby Node
- Two City and Three Center DR
- CM Cluster Management Component Supporting Two Node Deployment
- Maintainability
- Database Security
- Access Control Model
- Separation of Control and Access Permissions
- Database Encryption Authentication
- Data Encryption and Storage
- Database Audit
- Network Communication Security
- Resource Label
- Unified Audit
- Dynamic Data Anonymization
- Row-Level Access Control
- Password Strength Verification
- Equality Query in a Fully-encrypted Database
- Ledger Database Mechanism
- Transparent Data Encryption
- Enterprise-Level Features
- Support for Functions and Stored Procedures
- SQL Hints
- Full-Text Indexing
- Copy Interface for Error Tolerance
- Partitioning
- Support for Advanced Analysis Functions
- Materialized View
- HyperLogLog
- Creating an Index Online
- Autonomous Transaction
- Global Temporary Table
- Pseudocolumn ROWNUM
- Stored Procedure Debugging
- JDBC Client Load Balancing and Read/Write Isolation
- In-place Update Storage Engine
- Publication-Subscription
- Foreign Key Lock Enhancement
- Data Compression in OLTP Scenarios
- Transaction Async Submit
- Index Creation Parallel Control
- Dynamic Partition Pruning
- COPY Import Optimization
- SQL Running Status Observation
- BRIN Index
- BLOOM Index
- Application Development Interfaces
- AI Capabilities
- AI4DB: Autonomous Database O&M
- DB4AI: Database-driven AI
- AI in DB
- ABO Optimizer
- Middleware
- Installation Guide
- Installation Preparation
- Container Installation
- PTK-based Installation
- OM-based Installation
- Manual Installation
- Recommended Parameter Settings
- Administrator Guide
- Localization
- Routine Maintenance
- Starting and Stopping MogDB
- Using the gsql Client for Connection
- Routine Maintenance
- Checking OS Parameters
- Checking MogDB Health Status
- Checking Database Performance
- Checking and Deleting Logs
- Checking Time Consistency
- Checking The Number of Application Connections
- Routinely Maintaining Tables
- Routinely Recreating an Index
- Exporting and Viewing the WDR
- Data Security Maintenance Suggestions
- Slow SQL Diagnosis
- Log Reference
- Primary and Standby Management
- MOT Engine
- Introducing MOT
- Using MOT
- Concepts of MOT
- Appendix
- Column-store Tables Management
- Backup and Restoration
- Two City and Three Center DR
- Importing and Exporting Data
- Importing Data
- Exporting Data
- Upgrade Guide
- AI Features Guide
- AI Features Overview
- AI4DB: Autonomous Database O&M
- DBMind Mode
- Components that Support DBMind
- AI Sub-functions of the DBMind
- X-Tuner: Parameter Tuning and Diagnosis
- Index-advisor: Index Recommendation
- Slow Query Diagnosis: Root Cause Analysis for Slow SQL Statements
- Forecast: Trend Prediction
- SQLdiag: Slow SQL Discovery
- SQL Rewriter
- Anomaly Detection
- DB4AI: Database-driven AI
- AI in DB
- Intelligence Explain: SQL Statement Query Time Prediction
- ABO Optimizer
- Intelligent Cardinality Estimation
- Adaptive Plan Selection
- Security Guide
- Developer Guide
- Application Development Guide
- Development Specifications
- Development Based on JDBC
- Overview
- JDBC Package, Driver Class, and Environment Class
- Development Process
- Loading the Driver
- Connecting to a Database
- Connecting to the Database (Using SSL)
- Connecting to the Database (Using UDS)
- Running SQL Statements
- Processing Data in a Result Set
- Closing a Connection
- Managing Logs
- Example: Common Operations
- Example: Retrying SQL Queries for Applications
- Example: Importing and Exporting Data Through Local Files
- Example 2: Migrating Data from a MY Database to MogDB
- Example: Logic Replication Code
- Example: Parameters for Connecting to the Database in Different Scenarios
- JDBC API Reference
- java.sql.Connection
- java.sql.CallableStatement
- java.sql.DatabaseMetaData
- java.sql.Driver
- java.sql.PreparedStatement
- java.sql.ResultSet
- java.sql.ResultSetMetaData
- java.sql.Statement
- javax.sql.ConnectionPoolDataSource
- javax.sql.DataSource
- javax.sql.PooledConnection
- javax.naming.Context
- javax.naming.spi.InitialContextFactory
- CopyManager
- JDBC-based Common Parameter Reference
- Development Based on ODBC
- Development Based on libpq
- Dependent Header Files of libpq
- Development Process
- Example
- Link Parameters
- libpq API Reference
- Database Connection Control Functions
- Database Statement Execution Functions
- Functions for Asynchronous Command Processing
- Functions for Canceling Queries in Progress
- Psycopg-Based Development
- Commissioning
- Stored Procedure
- User Defined Functions
- PL/pgSQL-SQL Procedural Language
- Scheduled Jobs
- Autonomous Transaction
- Logical Replication
- Extension
- Materialized View
- Materialized View Overview
- Full Materialized View
- Incremental Materialized View
- Partition Management
- Partition Pruning
- Recommendations For Choosing A Partitioning Strategy
- Application Development Guide
- Performance Tuning Guide
- System Optimization
- SQL Optimization
- WDR Snapshot
- Using the Vectorized Executor for Tuning
- TPC-C Performance Tunning Guide
- Reference Guide
- System Catalogs and System Views
- Overview of System Catalogs and System Views
- System Catalogs
- GS_ASP
- GS_AUDITING_POLICY
- GS_AUDITING_POLICY_ACCESS
- GS_AUDITING_POLICY_FILTERS
- GS_AUDITING_POLICY_PRIVILEGES
- GS_CLIENT_GLOBAL_KEYS
- GS_CLIENT_GLOBAL_KEYS_ARGS
- GS_COLUMN_KEYS
- GS_COLUMN_KEYS_ARGS
- GS_DB_PRIVILEGE
- GS_ENCRYPTED_COLUMNS
- GS_ENCRYPTED_PROC
- GS_GLOBAL_CHAIN
- GS_GLOBAL_CONFIG
- GS_MASKING_POLICY
- GS_MASKING_POLICY_ACTIONS
- GS_MASKING_POLICY_FILTERS
- GS_MATVIEW
- GS_MATVIEW_DEPENDENCY
- GS_MODEL_WAREHOUSE
- GS_OPT_MODEL
- GS_PACKAGE
- GS_POLICY_LABEL
- GS_RECYCLEBIN
- GS_TXN_SNAPSHOT
- GS_UID
- GS_WLM_EC_OPERATOR_INFO
- GS_WLM_INSTANCE_HISTORY
- GS_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
- GS_WLM_PLAN_ENCODING_TABLE
- GS_WLM_PLAN_OPERATOR_INFO
- GS_WLM_SESSION_QUERY_INFO_ALL
- GS_WLM_USER_RESOURCE_HISTORY
- PG_AGGREGATE
- PG_AM
- PG_AMOP
- PG_AMPROC
- PG_APP_WORKLOADGROUP_MAPPING
- PG_ATTRDEF
- PG_ATTRIBUTE
- PG_AUTH_HISTORY
- PG_AUTH_MEMBERS
- PG_AUTHID
- PG_CAST
- PG_CLASS
- PG_COLLATION
- PG_CONSTRAINT
- PG_CONVERSION
- PG_DATABASE
- PG_DB_ROLE_SETTING
- PG_DEFAULT_ACL
- PG_DEPEND
- PG_DESCRIPTION
- PG_DIRECTORY
- PG_ENUM
- PG_EXTENSION
- PG_EXTENSION_DATA_SOURCE
- PG_FOREIGN_DATA_WRAPPER
- PG_FOREIGN_SERVER
- PG_FOREIGN_TABLE
- PG_HASHBUCKET
- PG_INDEX
- PG_INHERITS
- PG_JOB
- PG_JOB_PROC
- PG_LANGUAGE
- PG_LARGEOBJECT
- PG_LARGEOBJECT_METADATA
- PG_NAMESPACE
- PG_OBJECT
- PG_OPCLASS
- PG_OPERATOR
- PG_OPFAMILY
- PG_PARTITION
- PG_PLTEMPLATE
- PG_PROC
- PG_PUBLICATION
- PG_PUBLICATION_REL
- PG_RANGE
- PG_REPLICATION_ORIGIN
- PG_RESOURCE_POOL
- PG_REWRITE
- PG_RLSPOLICY
- PG_SECLABEL
- PG_SET
- PG_SHDEPEND
- PG_SHDESCRIPTION
- PG_SHSECLABEL
- PG_STATISTIC
- PG_STATISTIC_EXT
- PG_SUBSCRIPTION
- PG_SYNONYM
- PG_TABLESPACE
- PG_TRIGGER
- PG_TS_CONFIG
- PG_TS_CONFIG_MAP
- PG_TS_DICT
- PG_TS_PARSER
- PG_TS_TEMPLATE
- PG_TYPE
- PG_USER_MAPPING
- PG_USER_STATUS
- PG_WORKLOAD_GROUP
- PGXC_CLASS
- PGXC_GROUP
- PGXC_NODE
- PGXC_SLICE
- PLAN_TABLE_DATA
- STATEMENT_HISTORY
- System Views
- DV_SESSION_LONGOPS
- DV_SESSIONS
- GET_GLOBAL_PREPARED_XACTS(Discarded)
- GS_AUDITING
- GS_AUDITING_ACCESS
- GS_AUDITING_PRIVILEGE
- GS_ASYNC_SUBMIT_SESSIONS_STATUS
- GS_CLUSTER_RESOURCE_INFO
- GS_COMPRESSION
- GS_DB_PRIVILEGES
- GS_FILE_STAT
- GS_GSC_MEMORY_DETAIL
- GS_INSTANCE_TIME
- GS_LABELS
- GS_LSC_MEMORY_DETAIL
- GS_MASKING
- GS_MATVIEWS
- GS_OS_RUN_INFO
- GS_REDO_STAT
- GS_SESSION_CPU_STATISTICS
- GS_SESSION_MEMORY
- GS_SESSION_MEMORY_CONTEXT
- GS_SESSION_MEMORY_DETAIL
- GS_SESSION_MEMORY_STATISTICS
- GS_SESSION_STAT
- GS_SESSION_TIME
- GS_SQL_COUNT
- GS_STAT_SESSION_CU
- GS_THREAD_MEMORY_CONTEXT
- GS_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
- GS_WLM_CGROUP_INFO
- GS_WLM_EC_OPERATOR_STATISTICS
- GS_WLM_OPERATOR_HISTORY
- GS_WLM_OPERATOR_STATISTICS
- GS_WLM_PLAN_OPERATOR_HISTORY
- GS_WLM_REBUILD_USER_RESOURCE_POOL
- GS_WLM_RESOURCE_POOL
- GS_WLM_SESSION_HISTORY
- GS_WLM_SESSION_INFO
- GS_WLM_SESSION_INFO_ALL
- GS_WLM_SESSION_STATISTICS
- GS_WLM_USER_INFO
- GS_WRITE_TERM_LOG
- MPP_TABLES
- PG_AVAILABLE_EXTENSION_VERSIONS
- PG_AVAILABLE_EXTENSIONS
- PG_COMM_DELAY
- PG_COMM_RECV_STREAM
- PG_COMM_SEND_STREAM
- PG_COMM_STATUS
- PG_CONTROL_GROUP_CONFIG
- PG_CURSORS
- PG_EXT_STATS
- PG_GET_INVALID_BACKENDS
- PG_GET_SENDERS_CATCHUP_TIME
- PG_GROUP
- PG_GTT_ATTACHED_PIDS
- PG_GTT_RELSTATS
- PG_GTT_STATS
- PG_INDEXES
- PG_LOCKS
- PG_NODE_ENV
- PG_OS_THREADS
- PG_PREPARED_STATEMENTS
- PG_PREPARED_XACTS
- PG_PUBLICATION_TABLES
- PG_REPLICATION_ORIGIN_STATUS
- PG_REPLICATION_SLOTS
- PG_RLSPOLICIES
- PG_ROLES
- PG_RULES
- PG_RUNNING_XACTS
- PG_SECLABELS
- PG_SESSION_IOSTAT
- PG_SESSION_WLMSTAT
- PG_SETTINGS
- PG_SHADOW
- PG_STAT_ACTIVITY
- PG_STAT_ACTIVITY_NG
- PG_STAT_ALL_INDEXES
- PG_STAT_ALL_TABLES
- PG_STAT_BAD_BLOCK
- PG_STAT_BGWRITER
- PG_STAT_DATABASE
- PG_STAT_DATABASE_CONFLICTS
- PG_STAT_REPLICATION
- PG_STAT_SUBSCRIPTION
- PG_STAT_SYS_INDEXES
- PG_STAT_SYS_TABLES
- PG_STAT_USER_FUNCTIONS
- PG_STAT_USER_INDEXES
- PG_STAT_USER_TABLES
- PG_STAT_XACT_ALL_TABLES
- PG_STAT_XACT_SYS_TABLES
- PG_STAT_XACT_USER_FUNCTIONS
- PG_STAT_XACT_USER_TABLES
- PG_STATIO_ALL_INDEXES
- PG_STATIO_ALL_SEQUENCES
- PG_STATIO_ALL_TABLES
- PG_STATIO_SYS_INDEXES
- PG_STATIO_SYS_SEQUENCES
- PG_STATIO_SYS_TABLES
- PG_STATIO_USER_INDEXES
- PG_STATIO_USER_SEQUENCES
- PG_STATIO_USER_TABLES
- PG_STATS
- PG_TABLES
- PG_TDE_INFO
- PG_THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
- PG_TIMEZONE_ABBREVS
- PG_TIMEZONE_NAMES
- PG_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
- PG_TOTAL_USER_RESOURCE_INFO
- PG_TOTAL_USER_RESOURCE_INFO_OID
- PG_USER
- PG_USER_MAPPINGS
- PG_VARIABLE_INFO
- PG_VIEWS
- PG_WLM_STATISTICS
- PGXC_PREPARED_XACTS
- PLAN_TABLE
- Functions and Operators
- Logical Operators
- Comparison Operators
- Character Processing Functions and Operators
- Binary String Functions and Operators
- Bit String Functions and Operators
- Mode Matching Operators
- Mathematical Functions and Operators
- Date and Time Processing Functions and Operators
- Type Conversion Functions
- Geometric Functions and Operators
- Network Address Functions and Operators
- Text Search Functions and Operators
- JSON/JSONB Functions and Operators
- HLL Functions and Operators
- SEQUENCE Functions
- Array Functions and Operators
- Range Functions and Operators
- Aggregate Functions
- Window Functions(Analysis Functions)
- Security Functions
- Ledger Database Functions
- Encrypted Equality Functions
- Set Returning Functions
- Conditional Expression Functions
- System Information Functions
- System Administration Functions
- Configuration Settings Functions
- Universal File Access Functions
- Server Signal Functions
- Backup and Restoration Control Functions
- Snapshot Synchronization Functions
- Database Object Functions
- Advisory Lock Functions
- Logical Replication Functions
- Segment-Page Storage Functions
- Other Functions
- Undo System Functions
- Row-Store Compression System Functions
- Statistics Information Functions
- Trigger Functions
- Hash Function
- Prompt Message Function
- Global Temporary Table Functions
- Fault Injection System Function
- AI Feature Functions
- Dynamic Data Masking Functions
- Other System Functions
- Internal Functions
- Global SysCache Feature Functions
- Data Damage Detection and Repair Functions
- Obsolete Functions
- Supported Data Types
- Numeric Types
- Monetary Types
- Boolean Types
- Enumerated Types
- Character Types
- Binary Types
- Date/Time Types
- Geometric
- Network Address Types
- Bit String Types
- Text Search Types
- UUID
- JSON/JSONB Types
- HLL
- Array Types
- Range
- OID Types
- Pseudo-Types
- Data Types Supported by Column-store Tables
- XML Types
- Data Type Used by the Ledger Database
- SET Type
- SQL Syntax
- ABORT
- ALTER AGGREGATE
- ALTER AUDIT POLICY
- ALTER DATABASE
- ALTER DATA SOURCE
- ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
- ALTER DIRECTORY
- ALTER EXTENSION
- ALTER FOREIGN TABLE
- ALTER FUNCTION
- ALTER GLOBAL CONFIGURATION
- ALTER GROUP
- ALTER INDEX
- ALTER LANGUAGE
- ALTER LARGE OBJECT
- ALTER MASKING POLICY
- ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
- ALTER PACKAGE
- ALTER PROCEDURE
- ALTER PUBLICATION
- ALTER RESOURCE LABEL
- ALTER RESOURCE POOL
- ALTER ROLE
- ALTER ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
- ALTER RULE
- ALTER SCHEMA
- ALTER SEQUENCE
- ALTER SERVER
- ALTER SESSION
- ALTER SUBSCRIPTION
- ALTER SYNONYM
- ALTER SYSTEM KILL SESSION
- ALTER SYSTEM SET
- ALTER TABLE
- ALTER TABLE PARTITION
- ALTER TABLE SUBPARTITION
- ALTER TABLESPACE
- ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
- ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
- ALTER TRIGGER
- ALTER TYPE
- ALTER USER
- ALTER USER MAPPING
- ALTER VIEW
- ANALYZE | ANALYSE
- BEGIN
- CALL
- CHECKPOINT
- CLEAN CONNECTION
- CLOSE
- CLUSTER
- COMMENT
- COMMIT | END
- COMMIT PREPARED
- CONNECT BY
- COPY
- CREATE AGGREGATE
- CREATE AUDIT POLICY
- CREATE CAST
- CREATE CLIENT MASTER KEY
- CREATE COLUMN ENCRYPTION KEY
- CREATE DATABASE
- CREATE DATA SOURCE
- CREATE DIRECTORY
- CREATE EXTENSION
- CREATE FOREIGN TABLE
- CREATE FUNCTION
- CREATE GROUP
- CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW
- CREATE INDEX
- CREATE LANGUAGE
- CREATE MASKING POLICY
- CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
- CREATE MODEL
- CREATE OPERATOR
- CREATE PACKAGE
- CREATE PROCEDURE
- CREATE PUBLICATION
- CREATE RESOURCE LABEL
- CREATE RESOURCE POOL
- CREATE ROLE
- CREATE ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
- CREATE RULE
- CREATE SCHEMA
- CREATE SEQUENCE
- CREATE SERVER
- CREATE SUBSCRIPTION
- CREATE SYNONYM
- CREATE TABLE
- CREATE TABLE AS
- CREATE TABLE PARTITION
- CREATE TABLE SUBPARTITION
- CREATE TABLESPACE
- CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
- CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
- CREATE TRIGGER
- CREATE TYPE
- CREATE USER
- CREATE USER MAPPING
- CREATE VIEW
- CREATE WEAK PASSWORD DICTIONARY
- CURSOR
- DEALLOCATE
- DECLARE
- DELETE
- DO
- DROP AGGREGATE
- DROP AUDIT POLICY
- DROP CAST
- DROP CLIENT MASTER KEY
- DROP COLUMN ENCRYPTION KEY
- DROP DATABASE
- DROP DATA SOURCE
- DROP DIRECTORY
- DROP EXTENSION
- DROP FOREIGN TABLE
- DROP FUNCTION
- DROP GLOBAL CONFIGURATION
- DROP GROUP
- DROP INDEX
- DROP LANGUAGE
- DROP MASKING POLICY
- DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
- DROP MODEL
- DROP OPERATOR
- DROP OWNED
- DROP PACKAGE
- DROP PROCEDURE
- DROP PUBLICATION
- DROP RESOURCE LABEL
- DROP RESOURCE POOL
- DROP ROLE
- DROP ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
- DROP RULE
- DROP SCHEMA
- DROP SEQUENCE
- DROP SERVER
- DROP SUBSCRIPTION
- DROP SYNONYM
- DROP TABLE
- DROP TABLESPACE
- DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
- DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
- DROP TRIGGER
- DROP TYPE
- DROP USER
- DROP USER MAPPING
- DROP VIEW
- DROP WEAK PASSWORD DICTIONARY
- EXECUTE
- EXECUTE DIRECT
- EXPLAIN
- EXPLAIN PLAN
- FETCH
- GRANT
- INSERT
- LOCK
- MERGE INTO
- MOVE
- PREDICT BY
- PREPARE
- PREPARE TRANSACTION
- PURGE
- REASSIGN OWNED
- REFRESH INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW
- REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW
- REINDEX
- RELEASE SAVEPOINT
- RESET
- REVOKE
- ROLLBACK
- ROLLBACK PREPARED
- ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
- SAVEPOINT
- SELECT
- SELECT INTO
- SET
- SET CONSTRAINTS
- SET ROLE
- SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
- SET TRANSACTION
- SHOW
- SHUTDOWN
- SNAPSHOT
- START TRANSACTION
- TIMECAPSULE TABLE
- TRUNCATE
- UPDATE
- VACUUM
- VALUES
- SHRINK
- SQL Reference
- MogDB SQL
- Keywords
- Constant and Macro
- Expressions
- Type Conversion
- Full Text Search
- Introduction
- Tables and Indexes
- Controlling Text Search
- Additional Features
- Parser
- Dictionaries
- Configuration Examples
- Testing and Debugging Text Search
- Limitations
- System Operation
- Controlling Transactions
- DDL Syntax Overview
- DML Syntax Overview
- DCL Syntax Overview
- Appendix
- GUC Parameters
- GUC Parameter Usage
- GUC Parameter List
- File Location
- Connection and Authentication
- Resource Consumption
- Write Ahead Log
- HA Replication
- Memory Table
- Query Planning
- Error Reporting and Logging
- Alarm Detection
- Statistics During the Database Running
- Load Management
- Automatic Vacuuming
- Default Settings of Client Connection
- Lock Management
- Version and Platform Compatibility
- Faut Tolerance
- Connection Pool Parameters
- MogDB Transaction
- Replication Parameters of Two Database Instances
- Developer Options
- Auditing
- CM Parameters
- Upgrade Parameters
- Miscellaneous Parameters
- Wait Events
- Query
- System Performance Snapshot
- Security Configuration
- Global Temporary Table
- HyperLogLog
- Scheduled Task
- Thread Pool
- User-defined Functions
- Backup and Restoration
- Undo
- DCF Parameters Settings
- Flashback
- Rollback Parameters
- Reserved Parameters
- AI Features
- Global SysCache Parameters
- Parameters Related to Efficient Data Compression Algorithms
- Appendix
- Schema
- Overview
- Information Schema
- DBE_PERF
- Overview
- OS
- Instance
- Memory
- File
- Object
- STAT_USER_TABLES
- SUMMARY_STAT_USER_TABLES
- GLOBAL_STAT_USER_TABLES
- STAT_USER_INDEXES
- SUMMARY_STAT_USER_INDEXES
- GLOBAL_STAT_USER_INDEXES
- STAT_SYS_TABLES
- SUMMARY_STAT_SYS_TABLES
- GLOBAL_STAT_SYS_TABLES
- STAT_SYS_INDEXES
- SUMMARY_STAT_SYS_INDEXES
- GLOBAL_STAT_SYS_INDEXES
- STAT_ALL_TABLES
- SUMMARY_STAT_ALL_TABLES
- GLOBAL_STAT_ALL_TABLES
- STAT_ALL_INDEXES
- SUMMARY_STAT_ALL_INDEXES
- GLOBAL_STAT_ALL_INDEXES
- STAT_DATABASE
- SUMMARY_STAT_DATABASE
- GLOBAL_STAT_DATABASE
- STAT_DATABASE_CONFLICTS
- SUMMARY_STAT_DATABASE_CONFLICTS
- GLOBAL_STAT_DATABASE_CONFLICTS
- STAT_XACT_ALL_TABLES
- SUMMARY_STAT_XACT_ALL_TABLES
- GLOBAL_STAT_XACT_ALL_TABLES
- STAT_XACT_SYS_TABLES
- SUMMARY_STAT_XACT_SYS_TABLES
- GLOBAL_STAT_XACT_SYS_TABLES
- STAT_XACT_USER_TABLES
- SUMMARY_STAT_XACT_USER_TABLES
- GLOBAL_STAT_XACT_USER_TABLES
- STAT_XACT_USER_FUNCTIONS
- SUMMARY_STAT_XACT_USER_FUNCTIONS
- GLOBAL_STAT_XACT_USER_FUNCTIONS
- STAT_BAD_BLOCK
- SUMMARY_STAT_BAD_BLOCK
- GLOBAL_STAT_BAD_BLOCK
- STAT_USER_FUNCTIONS
- SUMMARY_STAT_USER_FUNCTIONS
- GLOBAL_STAT_USER_FUNCTIONS
- Workload
- Session/Thread
- SESSION_STAT
- GLOBAL_SESSION_STAT
- SESSION_TIME
- GLOBAL_SESSION_TIME
- SESSION_MEMORY
- GLOBAL_SESSION_MEMORY
- SESSION_MEMORY_DETAIL
- GLOBAL_SESSION_MEMORY_DETAIL
- SESSION_STAT_ACTIVITY
- GLOBAL_SESSION_STAT_ACTIVITY
- THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
- GLOBAL_THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
- LOCAL_THREADPOOL_STATUS
- GLOBAL_THREADPOOL_STATUS
- SESSION_CPU_RUNTIME
- SESSION_MEMORY_RUNTIME
- STATEMENT_IOSTAT_COMPLEX_RUNTIME
- LOCAL_ACTIVE_SESSION
- Transaction
- Query
- STATEMENT
- SUMMARY_STATEMENT
- STATEMENT_COUNT
- GLOBAL_STATEMENT_COUNT
- SUMMARY_STATEMENT_COUNT
- GLOBAL_STATEMENT_COMPLEX_HISTORY
- GLOBAL_STATEMENT_COMPLEX_HISTORY_TABLE
- GLOBAL_STATEMENT_COMPLEX_RUNTIME
- STATEMENT_RESPONSETIME_PERCENTILE
- STATEMENT_COMPLEX_RUNTIME
- STATEMENT_COMPLEX_HISTORY_TABLE
- STATEMENT_COMPLEX_HISTORY
- STATEMENT_WLMSTAT_COMPLEX_RUNTIME
- STATEMENT_HISTORY
- Cache/IO
- STATIO_USER_TABLES
- SUMMARY_STATIO_USER_TABLES
- GLOBAL_STATIO_USER_TABLES
- STATIO_USER_INDEXES
- SUMMARY_STATIO_USER_INDEXES
- GLOBAL_STATIO_USER_INDEXES
- STATIO_USER_SEQUENCES
- SUMMARY_STATIO_USER_SEQUENCES
- GLOBAL_STATIO_USER_SEQUENCES
- STATIO_SYS_TABLES
- SUMMARY_STATIO_SYS_TABLES
- GLOBAL_STATIO_SYS_TABLES
- STATIO_SYS_INDEXES
- SUMMARY_STATIO_SYS_INDEXES
- GLOBAL_STATIO_SYS_INDEXES
- STATIO_SYS_SEQUENCES
- SUMMARY_STATIO_SYS_SEQUENCES
- GLOBAL_STATIO_SYS_SEQUENCES
- STATIO_ALL_TABLES
- SUMMARY_STATIO_ALL_TABLES
- GLOBAL_STATIO_ALL_TABLES
- STATIO_ALL_INDEXES
- SUMMARY_STATIO_ALL_INDEXES
- GLOBAL_STATIO_ALL_INDEXES
- STATIO_ALL_SEQUENCES
- SUMMARY_STATIO_ALL_SEQUENCES
- GLOBAL_STATIO_ALL_SEQUENCES
- GLOBAL_STAT_DB_CU
- GLOBAL_STAT_SESSION_CU
- Utility
- REPLICATION_STAT
- GLOBAL_REPLICATION_STAT
- REPLICATION_SLOTS
- GLOBAL_REPLICATION_SLOTS
- BGWRITER_STAT
- GLOBAL_BGWRITER_STAT
- GLOBAL_CKPT_STATUS
- GLOBAL_DOUBLE_WRITE_STATUS
- GLOBAL_PAGEWRITER_STATUS
- GLOBAL_RECORD_RESET_TIME
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Statistics Information Functions(1)
Statistics information functions are divided into the following two categories: functions that access databases, using the OID of each table or index in a database to mark the database for which statistics are generated; functions that access servers, identified by the server process ID, whose value ranges from 1 to the number of currently active servers.
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pg_stat_get_db_conflict_tablespace(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of queries canceled due to a conflict between the restored tablespace and the deleted tablespace in the database.
Return type: bigint
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pg_control_group_config
Description: Prints Cgroup configurations on the current node.
Return type: record
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pg_stat_get_db_stat_reset_time(oid)
Description: Specifies the most recent time when database statistics were reset. It is initialized to the system time during the first connection to each database. The reset time is updated when you call pg_stat_reset on the database and execute pg_stat_reset_single_table_counters against any table or index in it.
Return type: timestamptz
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pg_stat_get_function_total_time(oid)
Description: Specifies the total wall clock time spent in the function, in microseconds. The time spent on this function calling other functions is included.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_xact_tuples_returned(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of rows read through sequential scans when the parameter is a table in the current transaction or the number of index entries returned when the parameter is an index.
Return type: bigint
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pg_lock_status()
Description: Queries information about locks held by open transactions. All users can execute this function.
Return type: For details, see PG_LOCKS which is obtained by querying this function.
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pg_stat_get_xact_numscans(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of sequential scans performed when the parameter is a table in the current transaction or the number of index scans performed when the parameter is an index.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_xact_blocks_fetched(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of disk block fetch requests for a table or an index in the current transaction.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_xact_blocks_hit(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of disk block fetch requests for tables or indexes found in cache in the current transaction.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_xact_function_calls(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of times the function is called in the current transaction.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_xact_function_self_time(oid)
Description: Specifies the time spent on this function in the current transaction, excluding the time spent on this function internally calling other functions.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_xact_function_total_time(oid)
Description: Specifies the total wall clock time (in microseconds) spent on the function in the current transaction, including the time spent on this function internally calling other functions.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_wal_senders()
Description: Queries walsender information on the primary server.
Return type: setofrecord
The following table describes return columns.
Table 1 Return column description
Column Type Description pid bigint Thread ID of the WAL sender sender_pid integer Lightweight thread ID of the WAL sender local_role text Type of the primary node peer_role text Type of the standby node peer_state text Status of the standby node state text Status of the WAL sender catchup_start timestamp with time zone Startup time of a catchup task catchup_end timestamp with time zone End time of a catchup task sender_sent_location text Sending position of the primary node sender_write_location text Writing position of the primary node sender_flush_location text Flushing position of the primary node sender_replay_location text Redo position of the primary node receiver_received_location text Receiving position of the standby node receiver_write_location text Writing position of the standby node receiver_flush_location text Flushing position of the standby node receiver_replay_location text Redo position of the standby node sync_percent text Synchronization percentage sync_state text Synchronization status sync_group text Group to which the synchronous replication belongs sync_priority text Priority of synchronous replication sync_most_available text Maximum availability mode channel text Channel information of the WAL sender -
get_paxos_replication_info()
Description: Queries the primary/standby replication status in Paxos mode.
Return type: setofrecord
The following table describes return columns.
Table 2 Return column description
Column Type Description paxos_write_location text Location of the Xlog that has been written to the Distribute Consensus Framework (DCF) paxos_commit_location text Location of the Xlog agreed in the DCF local_write_location text Writing position of a node local_flush_location text Flushing position of a node local_replay_location text Redo position of a node dcf_replication_info text DCF module information of a node -
pg_stat_get_stream_replications()
Description: Queries the primary/standby replication status.
Return type: setofrecord
The following table describes return values.
Table 3 Return value description
Return Parameter Type Description local_role text Local role static_connections integer Connection statistics db_state text Database status detail_information text Detailed information -
pg_stat_get_db_numbackends(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of active server processes for a database.
Return type: integer
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pg_stat_get_db_xact_commit(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of transactions committed in a database.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_db_xact_rollback(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of transactions rolled back in a database.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_db_blocks_fetched(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of disk blocks fetch requests for a database.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_db_blocks_hit(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of disk block fetch requests found in cache for a database.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_db_tuples_returned(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of tuples returned for a database.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_db_tuples_fetched(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of tuples fetched for a database.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_db_tuples_inserted(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of tuples inserted in a database.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_db_tuples_updated(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of tuples updated in a database.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_db_tuples_deleted(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of tuples deleted in a database.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_db_conflict_lock(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of lock conflicts in a database.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_db_deadlocks(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of deadlocks in a database.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_numscans(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of sequential row scans done if parameters are in a table or the number of index scans done if parameters are in an index.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_role_name(oid)
Description: Obtains the username based on the user OID. Only users with the sysadmin or monitor admin permission can access the information.
Return type: text
Example:
MogDB=# select pg_stat_get_role_name(10); pg_stat_get_role_name ----------------------- aabbcc (1 row)
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pg_stat_get_tuples_returned(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of sequential row scans done if parameters are in a table or the number of index scans done if parameters are in an index.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_tuples_fetched(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of table rows fetched by bitmap scans if parameters are in a table or the number of table rows fetched by simple index scans using the index if parameters are in an index.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_tuples_inserted(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of rows inserted into a table.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_tuples_updated(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of rows updated in a table.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_tuples_deleted(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of rows deleted from a table.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_tuples_changed(oid)
Description: Specifies the total number of inserted, updated, and deleted rows after a table was last analyzed or autoanalyzed.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_tuples_hot_updated(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of rows hot updated in a table.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_live_tuples(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of live rows in a table.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_dead_tuples(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of dead rows in a table.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_blocks_fetched(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of disk block fetch requests for a table or an index.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_blocks_hit(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of disk block requests found in cache for a table or an index.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_partition_tuples_inserted(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of rows in the corresponding table partition.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_partition_tuples_updated(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of rows that have been updated in the corresponding table partition.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_partition_tuples_deleted(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of rows deleted from the corresponding table partition.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_partition_tuples_changed(oid)
Description: Specifies the total number of inserted, updated, and deleted rows after a table partition was last analyzed or autoanalyzed.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_partition_live_tuples(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of live rows in a partitioned table.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_partition_dead_tuples(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of dead rows in a partitioned table.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_xact_tuples_fetched(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of tuple rows scanned in a transaction.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_xact_tuples_inserted(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of tuple inserted into the active subtransactions related to a table.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_xact_tuples_deleted(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of deleted tuples in the active subtransactions related to a table.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_xact_tuples_hot_updated(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of hot updated tuples in the active subtransactions related to a table.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_xact_tuples_updated(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of updated tuples in the active subtransactions related to a table.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_xact_partition_tuples_inserted(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of inserted tuples in the active subtransactions related to a table partition.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_xact_partition_tuples_deleted(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of deleted tuples in the active subtransactions related to a table partition.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_xact_partition_tuples_hot_updated(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of hot updated tuples in the active subtransactions related to a table partition.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_xact_partition_tuples_updated(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of updated tuples in the active subtransactions related to a table partition.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_last_vacuum_time(oid)
Description: Specifies the most recent time when the autovacuum thread is manually started to clear a table.
Return type: timestamptz
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pg_stat_get_last_autovacuum_time(oid)
Description: Specifies the time of the last vacuum initiated by the autovacuum daemon on a table.
Return type: timestamptz
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pg_stat_get_vacuum_count(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of times a table is manually cleared.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_autovacuum_count(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of times the autovacuum daemon is started to clear a table.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_last_analyze_time(oid)
Description: Specifies the last time when a table starts to be analyzed manually or by the autovacuum thread.
Return type: timestamptz
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pg_stat_get_last_autoanalyze_time(oid)
Description: Specifies the time when the last analysis initiated by the autovacuum daemon on a table.
Return type: timestamptz
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pg_stat_get_analyze_count(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of times a table is manually analyzed.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_autoanalyze_count(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of times the autovacuum daemon analyzes a table.
Return type: bigint
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pg_total_autovac_tuples(bool)
Description: Returns tuple records related to the total autovac, such as nodename, nspname, relname, and tuple IUDs. The input parameters specify whether to query relation information.
Return type: setofrecord
The following table describes return parameters.
Table 4 Return parameter description
Return Parameter Type Description nodename name Node name nspname name Name of a namespace relname name Name of an object, such as a table, an index, or a view partname name Partition name n_dead_tuples bigint Number of dead rows in a table partition n_live_tuples bigint Number of live rows in a table partition changes_since_analyze bigint Number of changes generated by ANALYZE -
pg_autovac_status(oid)
Description: Returns autovac information, such as nodename, nspname, relname, analyze, vacuum, thresholds of analyze and vacuum, and the number of analyzed or vacuumed tuples. Only users with the sysadmin permission can use this function.
Return type: setofrecord
The following table describes return parameters.
Table 5 Return parameter description
Return Parameter Type Description nspname text Name of a namespace relname text Name of an object, such as a table, an index, or a view nodename text Node name doanalyze Boolean Whether to execute ANALYZE anltuples bigint Number of ANALYZE tuples anlthresh bigint ANALYZE threshold dovacuum Boolean Whether to execute VACUUM vactuples bigint Number of VACUUM tuples vacthresh bigint VACUUM threshold -
pg_autovac_timeout(oid)
Description: Returns the number of consecutive timeouts during the autovac operation on a table. If the table information is invalid or the node information is abnormal, NULL will be returned.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_last_data_changed_time(oid)
Description: Returns the time when INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, or EXCHANGE/TRUNCATE/DROP PARTITION was last performed on a table. The data in the last_data_changed column of the PG_STAT_ALL_TABLES view is calculated by using this function. The performance of obtaining the last modification time by using the view is poor when the table has a large amount of data. In this case, you are advised to use the function.
Return type: timestamptz
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pg_stat_set_last_data_changed_time(oid)
Description: Manually changes the time when INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, or EXCHANGE/TRUNCATE/DROP PARTITION was last performed.
Return type: void
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pg_backend_pid()
Description: Specifies the thread ID of the server thread attached to the current session.
Return type: integer
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pg_stat_get_activity(integer)
Description: Returns a record about the backend with the specified PID. A record for each active backend in the system is returned if NULL is specified. The returned result does not contain the connection_info column. The initial user, system administrators and users with the monadmin permission can view all data. Common users can only query their own results.
Example:
MogDB=# select * from pg_stat_get_activity(139881386280704); datid | pid | sessionid | usesysid | application_name | state | query | waiting | xact_start | query_start | backend_start | state_change | client_addr | client_hostname | client_port | enqueue | query_id | srespool | global_sessionid | unique_sql_id | trace_id -------+-----------------+-----------+----------+------------------+--------+------------------------------------------------------+---------+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+----- --------------------------+------------------------------+-------------+-----------------+-------------+---------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+---------- 16545 | 139881386280704 | 69 | 10 | gsql | active | select * from pg_stat_get_activity(139881386280704); | f | 2022-01-18 19:43:05.167718+08 | 2022-01-18 19:43:05.167718+08 | 2022 -01-18 19:42:33.513507+08 | 2022-01-18 19:43:05.16773+08 | | | -1 | | 72620543991624410 | default_pool | 1938253334#69#0 | 3751941862 | (1 row)
Return type: setofrecord
The following table describes return parameters.
Table 6 Return parameter description
Return Parameter Type Description datid oid OID of the database that the user session connects to in the backend pid bigint Backend thread ID sessionid bigint Session ID usesysid oid OID of the user logged in to the backend application_name text Name of the application connected to the backend state text Overall status of the backend query text Latest query at the backend. If state is active, this column shows the ongoing query. In all other states, it shows the last query that was executed. waiting Boolean Whether the backend is currently waiting on a lock. If yes, the value is true. xact_start timestamp with time zone Time when current transaction was started (null if no transaction is active).If the current query is the first of its transaction, the value of this column is the same as that of the query_start column. query_start timestamp with time zone Time when the currently active query was started, or time when the last query was started if state is not active backend_start timestamp with time zone Time when this process was started, that is, when the client connected to the server state_change timestamp with time zone Time when state was last modified client_addr inet IP address of the client connected to the backend. If this column is NULL, it indicates either the client is connected via a Unix socket on the server or this is an internal process, such as AUTOVACUUM. client_hostname text Host name of the connected client, as reported by a reverse DNS lookup of client_addr. This column will be non-null only for IP connections and only when log_hostname is enabled. client_port integer TCP port number that the client uses for communication with this backend (–1 if a Unix socket is used) enqueue text Unsupported currently query_id bigint ID of a query srespool name Name of the resource pool global_sessionid text Global session ID unique_sql_id bigint Unique SQL statement ID trace_id text Driver-specific trace ID, which is associated with an application request -
pg_stat_get_activity_with_conninfo(integer)
Description: Returns a record about the backend with the specified PID. A record for each active backend in the system is returned if NULL is specified. The initial user, system administrators and users with the monadmin permission can view all data. Common users can only query their own results.
Return type: setofrecord
The following table describes return values.
Table 7 Return value description
Return Value Return Type Description datid oid OID of the database that the user session connects to in the backend pid bigint Backend thread ID sessionid bigint Session ID usesysid oid OID of the user logged in to the backend application_name text Name of the application connected to the backend state text Overall status of the backend query text Latest query at the backend. If state is active, this column shows the ongoing query. In all other states, it shows the last query that was executed. waiting Boolean Whether the backend is currently waiting on a lock. If yes, the value is true. xact_start timestamp with time zone Time when current transaction was started (null if no transaction is active). If the current query is the first of its transaction, the value of this column is the same as that of the query_start column. query_start timestamp with time zone Time when the currently active query was started, or time when the last query was started if state is not active backend_start timestamp with time zone Time when this process was started, that is, when the client connected to the server state_change timestamp with time zone Time when state was last modified client_addr inet IP address of the client connected to the backend If this column is NULL, it indicates either the client is connected via a Unix socket on the server or this is an internal process, such as AUTOVACUUM. client_hostname text Host name of the connected client, as reported by a reverse DNS lookup of client_addr. This column will be non-null only for IP connections and only when log_hostname is enabled. client_port integer TCP port number that the client uses for communication with this backend (–1 if a Unix socket is used) enqueue text Unsupported currently query_id bigint ID of a query connection_info text A string in JSON format recording the driver type, driver version, driver deployment path, and process owner of the connected database srespool name Name of the resource pool global_sessionid text Global session ID unique_sql_id bigint Unique SQL statement ID trace_id text Driver-specific trace ID, which is associated with an application request -
pg_user_iostat(text)
Description: Displays the I/O load management information about the job currently executed by the user.
Return type: record
The following table describes return fields.
Name Type Description userid oid User ID min_curr_iops int4 Minimum I/O of the current user across database nodes. The IOPS is counted by ones for column storage and by ten thousands for row storage. max_curr_iops int4 Maximum I/O of the current user across database nodes. The IOPS is counted by ones for column storage and by ten thousands for row storage. min_peak_iops int4 Minimum peak I/O of the current user across database nodes. The IOPS is counted by ones for column storage and by ten thousands for row storage. max_peak_iops int4 Maximum peak I/O of the current user across database nodes. The IOPS is counted by ones for column storage and by ten thousands for row storage. io_limits int4 io_limits set for the resource pool specified by the user. The IOPS is counted by ones for column storage and by ten thousands for row storage. io_priority text io_priority set for the user. The IOPS is counted by ones for column storage and by ten thousands for row storage. curr_io_limits int4 Real-time io_limits value when io_priority is used to control I/Os -
pg_stat_get_function_calls(oid)
Description: Specifies the number of times the function has been called.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_function_self_time(oid)
Description: Specifies the time spent in only this function. The time spent on this function calling other functions is excluded.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_backend_idset()
Description: Sets the number of currently active server processes (from 1 to the number of active server processes).
Return type: setofinteger
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pg_stat_get_backend_pid(integer)
Description: Specifies the ID of the given server thread.
Return type: bigint
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pg_stat_get_backend_dbid(integer)
Description: Specifies the ID of the database connected to the given server process.
Return type: oid
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pg_stat_get_backend_userid(integer)
Description: Specifies the user ID of the given server process.
Return type: oid
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pg_stat_get_backend_activity(integer)
Description: Active command of the given server process, but only if the current user is a system administrator or the same user as that of the session being queried and track_activities is on
Return type: text