- 关于MogDB
- 快速入门
- 安装指南
- 管理指南
- 日常运维
- 主备管理
- 高可用管理
- MOT内存表管理
- 列存表管理
- 备份与恢复
- 数据导出导入
- 升级指南
- 常见故障处理指南
- 常见故障定位手段
- 常见故障定位案例
- core问题定位
- TPCC运行时,注入磁盘满故障,TPCC卡住的问题
- 备机处于need repair(WAL)状态问题
- 内存不足问题
- 服务启动失败
- 出现“Error:No space left on device”提示
- 在XFS文件系统中,使用du命令查询数据文件大小大于文件实际大小
- 在XFS文件系统中,出现文件损坏
- switchover操作时,主机降备卡住
- 磁盘空间达到阈值,数据库只读
- 分析查询语句长时间运行的问题
- 分析查询语句运行状态
- 强制结束指定的问题会话
- 分析查询语句是否被阻塞
- 分析查询效率异常降低的问题
- 执行 SQL 语句时,提示 Lock wait timeout
- VACUUM FULL一张表后,表文件大小无变化
- 执行修改表分区操作时报错
- 不同用户查询同表显示数据不同
- 修改索引时只调用索引名提示索引不存在
- 重建索引失败
- 业务运行时整数转换错
- 高并发报错”too many clients already”或无法创建线程
- btree 索引故障情况下应对策略
- 安全指南
- 性能优化指南
- 开发者指南
- 参考指南
- 系统表及系统视图
- 系统表和系统视图概述
- 系统表
- GS_CLIENT_GLOBAL_KEYS
- GS_CLIENT_GLOBAL_KEYS_ARGS
- GS_COLUMN_KEYS
- GS_COLUMN_KEYS_ARGS
- GS_ENCRYPTED_COLUMNS
- GS_OPT_MODEL
- GS_WLM_INSTANCE_HISTORY
- GS_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
- GS_WLM_PLAN_ENCODING_TABLE
- GS_WLM_PLAN_OPERATOR_INFO
- GS_WLM_USER_RESOURCE_HISTORY
- PG_AGGREGATE
- PG_AM
- PG_AMOP
- PG_AMPROC
- PG_APP_WORKLOADGROUP_MAPPING
- PG_ATTRDEF
- PG_ATTRIBUTE
- PG_AUTHID
- PG_AUTH_HISTORY
- PG_AUTH_MEMBERS
- PG_CAST
- PG_CLASS
- PG_COLLATION
- PG_CONSTRAINT
- PG_CONVERSION
- PG_DATABASE
- PG_DB_ROLE_SETTING
- PG_DEFAULT_ACL
- PG_DEPEND
- PG_DESCRIPTION
- PG_DIRECTORY
- PG_ENUM
- PG_EXTENSION
- PG_EXTENSION_DATA_SOURCE
- PG_FOREIGN_DATA_WRAPPER
- PG_FOREIGN_SERVER
- PG_FOREIGN_TABLE
- PG_INDEX
- PG_INHERITS
- PG_JOB
- PG_JOB_PROC
- PG_LANGUAGE
- PG_LARGEOBJECT
- PG_LARGEOBJECT_METADATA
- PG_NAMESPACE
- PG_OBJECT
- PG_OPCLASS
- PG_OPERATOR
- PG_OPFAMILY
- PG_PARTITION
- PG_PLTEMPLATE
- PG_PROC
- PG_RANGE
- PG_RESOURCE_POOL
- PG_REWRITE
- PG_RLSPOLICY
- PG_SECLABEL
- PG_SHDEPEND
- PG_SHDESCRIPTION
- PG_SHSECLABEL
- PG_STATISTIC
- PG_STATISTIC_EXT
- PG_TABLESPACE
- PG_TRIGGER
- PG_TS_CONFIG
- PG_TS_CONFIG_MAP
- PG_TS_DICT
- PG_TS_PARSER
- PG_TS_TEMPLATE
- PG_TYPE
- PG_USER_MAPPING
- PG_USER_STATUS
- PG_WORKLOAD_GROUP
- PLAN_TABLE_DATA
- STATEMENT_HISTORY
- 系统视图
- GS_SESSION_CPU_STATISTICS
- GS_SESSION_MEMORY_STATISTICS
- GS_SQL_COUNT
- GS_WLM_OPERATOR_HISTORY
- GS_WLM_OPERATOR_STATISTICS
- GS_WLM_PLAN_OPERATOR_HISTORY
- GS_WLM_REBUILD_USER_RESOURCE_POOL
- GS_WLM_RESOURCE_POOL
- GS_WLM_SESSION_HISTORY
- GS_WLM_SESSION_INFO_ALL
- GS_WLM_USER_INFO
- GS_WLM_SESSION_STATISTICS
- GS_STAT_SESSION_CU
- MPP_TABLES
- PG_AVAILABLE_EXTENSION_VERSIONS
- PG_AVAILABLE_EXTENSIONS
- PG_CURSORS
- PG_EXT_STATS
- PG_GET_INVALID_BACKENDS
- PG_GET_SENDERS_CATCHUP_TIME
- PG_GROUP
- PG_GTT_RELSTATS
- PG_GTT_STATS
- PG_GTT_ATTACHED_PIDS
- PG_INDEXES
- PG_LOCKS
- PG_MATVIEWS
- PG_NODE_ENV
- PG_OS_THREADS
- PG_PREPARED_STATEMENTS
- PG_PREPARED_XACTS
- PG_REPLICATION_SLOTS
- PG_RLSPOLICIES
- PG_ROLES
- PG_RULES
- PG_SECLABELS
- PG_SESSION_WLMSTAT
- PG_SESSION_IOSTAT
- PG_SETTINGS
- PG_SHADOW
- PG_STATS
- PG_STAT_ACTIVITY
- PG_STAT_ALL_INDEXES
- PG_STAT_ALL_TABLES
- PG_STAT_BAD_BLOCK
- PG_STAT_BGWRITER
- PG_STAT_DATABASE
- PG_STAT_DATABASE_CONFLICTS
- PG_STAT_USER_FUNCTIONS
- PG_STAT_USER_INDEXES
- PG_STAT_USER_TABLES
- PG_STAT_REPLICATION
- PG_STAT_SYS_INDEXES
- PG_STAT_SYS_TABLES
- PG_STAT_XACT_ALL_TABLES
- PG_STAT_XACT_SYS_TABLES
- PG_STAT_XACT_USER_FUNCTIONS
- PG_STAT_XACT_USER_TABLES
- PG_STATIO_ALL_INDEXES
- PG_STATIO_ALL_SEQUENCES
- PG_STATIO_ALL_TABLES
- PG_STATIO_SYS_INDEXES
- PG_STATIO_SYS_SEQUENCES
- PG_STATIO_SYS_TABLES
- PG_STATIO_USER_INDEXES
- PG_STATIO_USER_SEQUENCES
- PG_STATIO_USER_TABLES
- PG_THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
- PG_TABLES
- PG_TDE_INFO
- PG_TIMEZONE_NAMES
- PG_TOTAL_USER_RESOURCE_INFO
- PG_USER
- PG_USER_MAPPINGS
- PG_VIEWS
- PG_WLM_STATISTICS
- PLAN_TABLE
- GS_FILE_STAT
- GS_OS_RUN_INFO
- GS_REDO_STAT
- GS_SESSION_MEMORY
- GS_SESSION_MEMORY_DETAIL
- GS_SESSION_STAT
- GS_SESSION_TIME
- GS_THREAD_MEMORY_DETAIL
- GS_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
- PG_TIMEZONE_ABBREVS
- PG_TOTAL_USER_RESOURCE_INFO_OID
- PG_VARIABLE_INFO
- GS_INSTANCE_TIME
- 系统函数
- 支持的数据类型
- SQL 语法
- ABORT
- ALTER DATABASE
- ALTER DATA SOURCE
- ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
- ALTER DIRECTORY
- ALTER FOREIGN TABLE
- ALTER FUNCTION
- ALTER GROUP
- ALTER INDEX
- ALTER LARGE OBJECT
- ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
- ALTER ROLE
- ALTER ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
- ALTER RULE
- ALTER SCHEMA
- ALTER SEQUENCE
- ALTER SERVER
- ALTER SESSION
- ALTER SYNONYM
- ALTER SYSTEM KILL SESSION
- ALTER SYSTEM SET
- ALTER TABLE
- ALTER TABLE PARTITION
- ALTER TABLESPACE
- ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
- ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
- ALTER TRIGGER
- ALTER TYPE
- ALTER USER
- ALTER USER MAPPING
- ALTER VIEW
- ANALYZE | ANALYSE
- BEGIN
- CALL
- CHECKPOINT
- CLOSE
- CLUSTER
- COMMENT
- COMMIT | END
- COMMIT PREPARED
- COPY
- CREATE CLIENT MASTER KEY
- CREATE COLUMN ENCRYPTION KEY
- CREATE DATABASE
- CREATE DATA SOURCE
- CREATE DIRECTORY
- CREATE FOREIGN TABLE
- CREATE FUNCTION
- CREATE GROUP
- CREATE INDEX
- CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
- CREATE ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
- CREATE PROCEDURE
- CREATE ROLE
- CREATE RULE
- CREATE SCHEMA
- CREATE SEQUENCE
- CREATE SERVER
- CREATE SYNONYM
- CREATE TABLE
- CREATE TABLE AS
- CREATE TABLE PARTITION
- CREATE TABLESPACE
- CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
- CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
- CREATE TRIGGER
- CREATE TYPE
- CREATE USER
- CREATE USER MAPPING
- CREATE VIEW
- CURSOR
- DEALLOCATE
- DECLARE
- DELETE
- DO
- DROP CLIENT MASTER KEY
- DROP COLUMN ENCRYPTION KEY
- DROP DATABASE
- DROP DATA SOURCE
- DROP DIRECTORY
- DROP FOREIGN TABLE
- DROP FUNCTION
- DROP GROUP
- DROP INDEX
- DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
- DROP OWNED
- DROP ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
- DROP PROCEDURE
- DROP ROLE
- DROP RULE
- DROP SCHEMA
- DROP SEQUENCE
- DROP SERVER
- DROP SYNONYM
- DROP TABLE
- DROP TABLESPACE
- DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
- DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
- DROP TRIGGER
- DROP TYPE
- DROP USER
- DROP USER MAPPING
- DROP VIEW
- EXECUTE
- EXPLAIN
- EXPLAIN PLAN
- FETCH
- GRANT
- INSERT
- LOCK
- MOVE
- MERGE INTO
- PREPARE
- PREPARE TRANSACTION
- REASSIGN OWNED
- REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW
- REINDEX
- RELEASE SAVEPOINT
- RESET
- REVOKE
- ROLLBACK
- ROLLBACK PREPARED
- ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
- SAVEPOINT
- SELECT
- SELECT INTO
- SET
- SET CONSTRAINTS
- SET ROLE
- SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
- SET TRANSACTION
- SHOW
- SHUTDOW
- START TRANSACTION
- TRUNCATE
- UPDATE
- VACUUM
- VALUES
- GUC参数说明
- DBE_PERF
- 概述
- OS
- Instance
- Memory
- File
- Object
- STAT_USER_TABLES
- SUMMARY_STAT_USER_TABLES
- GLOBAL_STAT_USER_TABLES
- STAT_USER_INDEXES
- SUMMARY_STAT_USER_INDEXES
- GLOBAL_STAT_USER_INDEXES
- STAT_SYS_TABLES
- SUMMARY_STAT_SYS_TABLES
- GLOBAL_STAT_SYS_TABLES
- STAT_SYS_INDEXES
- SUMMARY_STAT_SYS_INDEXES
- GLOBAL_STAT_SYS_INDEXES
- STAT_ALL_TABLES
- SUMMARY_STAT_ALL_TABLES
- GLOBAL_STAT_ALL_TABLES
- STAT_ALL_INDEXES
- SUMMARY_STAT_ALL_INDEXES
- GLOBAL_STAT_ALL_INDEXES
- STAT_DATABASE
- SUMMARY_STAT_DATABASE
- GLOBAL_STAT_DATABASE
- STAT_DATABASE_CONFLICTS
- SUMMARY_STAT_DATABASE_CONFLICTS
- GLOBAL_STAT_DATABASE_CONFLICTS
- STAT_XACT_ALL_TABLES
- SUMMARY_STAT_XACT_ALL_TABLES
- GLOBAL_STAT_XACT_ALL_TABLES
- STAT_XACT_SYS_TABLES
- SUMMARY_STAT_XACT_SYS_TABLES
- GLOBAL_STAT_XACT_SYS_TABLES
- STAT_XACT_USER_TABLES
- SUMMARY_STAT_XACT_USER_TABLES
- GLOBAL_STAT_XACT_USER_TABLES
- STAT_XACT_USER_FUNCTIONS
- SUMMARY_STAT_XACT_USER_FUNCTIONS
- GLOBAL_STAT_XACT_USER_FUNCTIONS
- STAT_BAD_BLOCK
- SUMMARY_STAT_BAD_BLOCK
- GLOBAL_STAT_BAD_BLOCK
- STAT_USER_FUNCTIONS
- SUMMARY_STAT_USER_FUNCTIONS
- GLOBAL_STAT_USER_FUNCTIONS
- Workload
- Session/Thread
- SESSION_STAT
- GLOBAL_SESSION_STAT
- SESSION_TIME
- GLOBAL_SESSION_TIME
- SESSION_MEMORY
- GLOBAL_SESSION_MEMORY
- SESSION_MEMORY_DETAIL
- GLOBAL_SESSION_MEMORY_DETAIL
- SESSION_STAT_ACTIVITY
- GLOBAL_SESSION_STAT_ACTIVITY
- THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
- GLOBAL_THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
- LOCAL_THREADPOOL_STATUS
- GLOBAL_THREADPOOL_STATUS
- SESSION_CPU_RUNTIME
- SESSION_MEMORY_RUNTIME
- STATEMENT_IOSTAT_COMPLEX_RUNTIME
- Transaction
- Query
- STATEMENT
- SUMMARY_STATEMENT
- STATEMENT_COUNT
- GLOBAL_STATEMENT_COUNT
- SUMMARY_STATEMENT_COUNT
- GLOBAL_STATEMENT_COMPLEX_HISTORY
- GLOBAL_STATEMENT_COMPLEX_HISTORY_TABLE
- GLOBAL_STATEMENT_COMPLEX_RUNTIME
- STATEMENT_RESPONSETIME_PERCENTILE
- STATEMENT_USER_COMPLEX_HISTORY
- STATEMENT_COMPLEX_RUNTIME
- STATEMENT_COMPLEX_HISTORY_TABLE
- STATEMENT_COMPLEX_HISTORY
- STATEMENT_WLMSTAT_COMPLEX_RUNTIME
- STATEMENT_HISTORY
- Cache/IO
- STATIO_USER_TABLES
- SUMMARY_STATIO_USER_TABLES
- GLOBAL_STATIO_USER_TABLES
- STATIO_USER_INDEXES
- SUMMARY_STATIO_USER_INDEXES
- GLOBAL_STATIO_USER_INDEXES
- STATIO_USER_SEQUENCES
- SUMMARY_STATIO_USER_SEQUENCES
- GLOBAL_STATIO_USER_SEQUENCES
- STATIO_SYS_TABLES
- SUMMARY_STATIO_SYS_TABLES
- GLOBAL_STATIO_SYS_TABLES
- STATIO_SYS_INDEXES
- SUMMARY_STATIO_SYS_INDEXES
- GLOBAL_STATIO_SYS_INDEXES
- STATIO_SYS_SEQUENCES
- SUMMARY_STATIO_SYS_SEQUENCES
- GLOBAL_STATIO_SYS_SEQUENCES
- STATIO_ALL_TABLES
- SUMMARY_STATIO_ALL_TABLES
- GLOBAL_STATIO_ALL_TABLES
- STATIO_ALL_INDEXES
- SUMMARY_STATIO_ALL_INDEXES
- GLOBAL_STATIO_ALL_INDEXES
- STATIO_ALL_SEQUENCES
- SUMMARY_STATIO_ALL_SEQUENCES
- GLOBAL_STATIO_ALL_SEQUENCES
- GLOBAL_STAT_DB_CU
- GLOBAL_STAT_SESSION_CU
- Utility
- REPLICATION_STAT
- GLOBAL_REPLICATION_STAT
- REPLICATION_SLOTS
- GLOBAL_REPLICATION_SLOTS
- BGWRITER_STAT
- GLOBAL_BGWRITER_STAT
- GLOBAL_CKPT_STATUS
- GLOBAL_DOUBLE_WRITE_STATUS
- GLOBAL_PAGEWRITER_STATUS
- GLOBAL_RECORD_RESET_TIME
- GLOBAL_REDO_STATUS
- GLOBAL_RECOVERY_STATUS
- CLASS_VITAL_INFO
- USER_LOGIN
- SUMMARY_USER_LOGIN
- GLOBAL_GET_BGWRITER_STATUS
- Lock
- Wait Events
- Configuration
- Operator
- Workload Manager
- Global Plancache
- 附录
- 数据库报错信息
- SQL标准错误码说明
- 第三方库错误码说明
- GAUSS-00001 - GAUSS-00100
- GAUSS-00101 - GAUSS-00200
- GAUSS 00201 - GAUSS 00300
- GAUSS 00301 - GAUSS 00400
- GAUSS 00401 - GAUSS 00500
- GAUSS 00501 - GAUSS 00600
- GAUSS 00601 - GAUSS 00700
- GAUSS 00701 - GAUSS 00800
- GAUSS 00801 - GAUSS 00900
- GAUSS 00901 - GAUSS 01000
- GAUSS 01001 - GAUSS 01100
- GAUSS 01101 - GAUSS 01200
- GAUSS 01201 - GAUSS 01300
- GAUSS 01301 - GAUSS 01400
- GAUSS 01401 - GAUSS 01500
- GAUSS 01501 - GAUSS 01600
- GAUSS 01601 - GAUSS 01700
- GAUSS 01701 - GAUSS 01800
- GAUSS 01801 - GAUSS 01900
- GAUSS 01901 - GAUSS 02000
- GAUSS 02001 - GAUSS 02100
- GAUSS 02101 - GAUSS 02200
- GAUSS 02201 - GAUSS 02300
- GAUSS 02301 - GAUSS 02400
- GAUSS 02401 - GAUSS 02500
- GAUSS 02501 - GAUSS 02600
- GAUSS 02601 - GAUSS 02700
- GAUSS 02701 - GAUSS 02800
- GAUSS 02801 - GAUSS 02900
- GAUSS 02901 - GAUSS 03000
- GAUSS 03001 - GAUSS 03100
- GAUSS 03101 - GAUSS 03200
- GAUSS 03201 - GAUSS 03300
- GAUSS 03301 - GAUSS 03400
- GAUSS 03401 - GAUSS 03500
- GAUSS 03501 - GAUSS 03600
- GAUSS 03601 - GAUSS 03700
- GAUSS 03701 - GAUSS 03800
- GAUSS 03801 - GAUSS 03900
- GAUSS 03901 - GAUSS 04000
- GAUSS 04001 - GAUSS 04100
- GAUSS 04101 - GAUSS 04200
- GAUSS 04201 - GAUSS 04300
- GAUSS 04301 - GAUSS 04400
- GAUSS 04401 - GAUSS 04500
- GAUSS 04501 - GAUSS 04600
- GAUSS 04601 - GAUSS 04700
- GAUSS 04701 - GAUSS 04800
- GAUSS 04801 - GAUSS 04900
- GAUSS 04901 - GAUSS 05000
- GAUSS 05001 - GAUSS 05100
- GAUSS 05101 - GAUSS 05200
- GAUSS 05201 - GAUSS 05300
- GAUSS 05301 - GAUSS 05400
- GAUSS 05401 - GAUSS 05500
- GAUSS 05501 - GAUSS 05600
- GAUSS 05601 - GAUSS 05700
- GAUSS 05701 - GAUSS 05800
- GAUSS 05801 - GAUSS 05900
- GAUSS 05901 - GAUSS 06000
- GAUSS 06001 - GAUSS 06100
- GAUSS 06101 - GAUSS 06200
- GAUSS 06201 - GAUSS 06300
- GAUSS 06301 - GAUSS 06400
- GAUSS 06401 - GAUSS 06500
- GAUSS 06501 - GAUSS 06600
- GAUSS 06601 - GAUSS 06700
- GAUSS 06701 - GAUSS 06800
- GAUSS 06801 - GAUSS 06900
- GAUSS 06901 - GAUSS 07000
- GAUSS 07001 - GAUSS 07100
- GAUSS 07101 - GAUSS 07200
- GAUSS 07201 - GAUSS 07300
- GAUSS 07301 - GAUSS 07400
- GAUSS 07401 - GAUSS 07480
- GAUSS 50000 - GAUSS 50999
- GAUSS 51000 - GAUSS 51999
- GAUSS 52000 - GAUSS 52999
- GAUSS 53000 - GAUSS 53699
- 系统表及系统视图
- 术语表
列存表管理
什么是列存储
行存储是指将表按行存储到硬盘分区上,列存储是指将表按列存储到硬盘分区上。默认情况下,创建的表为行存储。行存储和列存储的差异请参见图1。
图 1 行存储和列存储的差异
上图中,左上为行存表,右上为行存表在硬盘上的存储方式。左下为列存表,右下为列存表在硬盘上的存储方式。从上图可以很清楚地看到,行式存储下一张表的数据都是放在一起的,但列式存储下都被分开保存了。
行存表和列存表的优缺点及适用场景
行、列存储有如下优缺点:
存储模型 | 优点 | 缺点 |
---|---|---|
行存 | 数据被保存在一起。INSERT/UPDATE容易。 | 选择(Selection)时即使只涉及某几列,所有数据也都会被读取。 |
列存 | 查询时只有涉及到的列会被读取。投影(Projection)很高效。任何列都能作为索引。 | 选择完成时,被选择的列要重新组装。INSERT/UPDATE比较麻烦。 |
一般情况下,如果表的字段比较多(大宽表),查询中涉及到的列不多的情况下,适合列存储。如果表的字段个数比较少,查询大部分字段,那么选择行存储比较好。
存储类型 | 适用场景 |
---|---|
行存 | 点查询(返回记录少,基于索引的简单查询)。增、删、改操作较多的场景。 |
列存 | 统计分析类查询 (关联、分组操作较多的场景)。即席查询(查询条件不确定,行存表扫描难以使用索引)。 |
MogDB支持行列混合存储。行、列存储模型各有优劣,建议根据实际情况选择。通常MogDB用于TP场景的数据库,默认使用行存储,仅对执行复杂查询且数据量大的AP场景时,才使用列存储。
行存表和列存表的选择
-
更新频繁程度
数据如果频繁更新,选择行存表。
-
插入频繁程度
频繁的少量插入,选择行存表。
-
表的列数
表的列数很多,选择列存表。
-
查询的列数
如果每次查询时,只涉及了表的少数(<50%总列数)几个列,选择列存表。
-
压缩率
列存表比行存表压缩率高。但高压缩率会消耗更多的CPU资源。
列存表的限制
- 列存表不支持数组。
- 列存表的数量建议不超过1000个。
- 列存表的表级约束只支持PARTIAL CLUSTER KEY,不支持主外键等表级约束。
- 列存表的字段约束只支持NULL、NOT NULL和DEFAULT常量值。
- 列存表不支持alter命令修改字段约束。
- 列存表支持delta表,受参数enable_delta_store 控制是否开启,受参数deltarow_threshold控制进入delta表的阀值。
列存相关参数
-
cstore_buffers
列存所使用的共享缓冲区的大小,默认值: 32768KB。
-
partition_mem_batch
指定缓存个数,为了优化对列存分区表的批量插入,在批量插入过程中会对数据进行缓存后再批量写盘。默认值: 256 。
-
partition_max_cache_size
指定数据缓存区大小,为了优化对列存分区表的批量插入,在批量插入过程中会对数据进行缓存后再批量写盘。默认值: 2GB。
-
enable_delta_store
为了增强列存单条数据导入的性能和解决磁盘冗余问题,是否需要开启列存delta表功能,与参数DELTAROW_THRESHOLD 配合使用。默认值: off。
建表语法
MogDB创建普通表默认是未压缩的行存表。
mogdb=# \dt
No relations found.
mogdb=# create table test_t(id serial primary key ,col1 varchar(8),col2 decimal(6,2),create_time timestamptz not null default now());
NOTICE: CREATE TABLE will create implicit sequence "test_t_id_seq" for serial column "test_t.id"
NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index "test_t_pkey" for table "test_t"
CREATE TABLE
mogdb=# \dt+
List of relations
Schema | Name | Type | Owner | Size | Storage | Description
--------+--------+-------+-------+---------+----------------------------------+-------------
public | test_t | table | omm | 0 bytes | {orientation=row,compression=no} |
(1 row)
mogdb=#
创建列存表,需要指定orientation=column,默认压缩级别是low。
mogdb=# create table column_t(id serial,col1 varchar(8),col2 decimal(6,2),create_time timestamptz not null default now()) with (orientation=column );
NOTICE: CREATE TABLE will create implicit sequence "column_t_id_seq" for serial column "column_t.id"
CREATE TABLE
mogdb=# \dt+
List of relations
Schema | Name | Type | Owner | Size | Storage | Description
--------+----------+-------+-------+---------+--------------------------------------+-------------
public | column_t | table | omm | 16 kB | {orientation=column,compression=low} |
public | test_t | table | omm | 0 bytes | {orientation=row,compression=no} |
(2 rows)
mogdb=#
mogdb=# \d+ column_t
Table "public.column_t"
Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description
-------------+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------+--------------+-------------
id | integer | not null default nextval('column_t_id_seq'::regclass) | plain | |
col1 | character varying(8) | | extended | |
col2 | numeric(6,2) | | main | |
create_time | timestamp with time zone | not null default now() | plain | |
Has OIDs: no
Options: orientation=column, compression=low
列存表添加局部聚簇存储列。
mogdb=# \\d+ column_t
Table "public.column_t"
Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description
-------------+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------+--------------+-------------
id | integer | not null default nextval('column_t_id_seq'::regclass) | plain | |
col1 | character varying(8) | | extended | |
col2 | numeric(6,2) | | main | |
create_time | timestamp with time zone | not null default now() | plain | |
Has OIDs: no
Options: orientation=column, compression=low
mogdb=# alter table column_t add PARTIAL CLUSTER KEY(id);
ALTER TABLE
mogdb=# \d+ column_t
Table "public.column_t"
Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description
-------------+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------+--------------+-------------
id | integer | not null default nextval('column_t_id_seq'::regclass) | plain | |
col1 | character varying(8) | | extended | |
col2 | numeric(6,2) | | main | |
create_time | timestamp with time zone | not null default now() | plain | |
Partial Cluster :
"column_t_cluster" PARTIAL CLUSTER KEY (id)
Has OIDs: no
Options: orientation=column, compression=low
mogdb=#
直接创建带局部聚簇存储的列存表。
NOTICE: CREATE TABLE will create implicit sequence "column_c_id_seq" for serial column "column_c.id"
CREATE TABLE
mogdb=# \d+ column_c
Table "public.column_c"
Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description
-------------+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------+--------------+-------------
id | integer | not null default nextval('column_c_id_seq'::regclass) | plain | |
col1 | character varying(8) | | extended | |
col2 | numeric(6,2) | | main | |
create_time | timestamp with time zone | not null default now() | plain | |
Partial Cluster :
"column_c_cluster" PARTIAL CLUSTER KEY (id)
Has OIDs: no
Options: orientation=column, compression=low
mogdb=#
有关列存表支持的数据类型,请参考开发者指南下"支持的数据类型->列存表支持的数据类型"。
列存与行存对比
磁盘使用空间
-
列存表默认大小16K,low压缩级别。
-
行存表默认大小0bytes,非压缩级别。
-
分别向两个表中插入100万条数据,占用磁盘大小对比。
mogdb=# \dt+ List of relations Schema | Name | Type | Owner | Size | Storage | Description --------+-----------+-------+-------+---------+-----------------------------------------+------------- public | column_t | table | omm | 16 kB | {orientation=column,compression=low} | public | column_th | table | omm | 16 kB | {orientation=column,compression=high} | public | column_tm | table | omm | 16 kB | {orientation=column,compression=middle} | public | row_tc | table | omm | 0 bytes | {orientation=row,compression=yes} | public | test_t | table | omm | 0 bytes | {orientation=row,compression=no} | (5 rows) mogdb=# insert into column_t select generate_series(1,1000000),left(md5(random()::text),8),random()::numeric(6,2); INSERT 0 1000000 Time: 11328.880 ms mogdb=# insert into column_th select generate_series(1,1000000),left(md5(random()::text),8),random()::numeric(6,2); INSERT 0 1000000 Time: 10188.634 ms mogdb=# insert into column_tm select generate_series(1,1000000),left(md5(random()::text),8),random()::numeric(6,2); INSERT 0 1000000 Time: 9802.739 ms mogdb=# insert into test_t select generate_series(1,1000000),left(md5(random()::text),8),random()::numeric(6,2); INSERT 0 1000000 Time: 17404.945 ms mogdb=# insert into row_tc select generate_series(1,1000000),left(md5(random()::text),8),random()::numeric(6,2); INSERT 0 1000000 Time: 12394.866 ms mogdb=# \dt+ List of relations Schema | Name | Type | Owner | Size | Storage | Description --------+-----------+-------+-------+----------+-----------------------------------------+------------- public | column_t | table | omm | 12 MB | {orientation=column,compression=low} | public | column_th | table | omm | 8304 kB | {orientation=column,compression=high} | public | column_tm | table | omm | 10168 kB | {orientation=column,compression=middle} | public | row_tc | table | omm | 58 MB | {orientation=row,compression=yes} | public | test_t | table | omm | 58 MB | {orientation=row,compression=no} | (5 rows) mogdb=#
-
列存表开启的压缩级别越高。
-
占用磁盘空间越少行存表开启压缩后,磁盘空间大小占比减少不明显。
-
列存表占用磁盘空间比行存表占用磁盘空间少近6倍。
DML对比
查找单列:
---
---按范围查找,列存比行存快近20倍
---
mogdb=# select col1 from test_t where id>=100010 and id<100020;
col1
----------
4257a3f3
3d397284
64343438
6eb7bdb7
d1c9073d
6aeb037c
1d424974
223235ab
329de235
2f02adc1
(10 rows)
Time: 77.341 ms
mogdb=# select col1 from column_t where id>=100010 and id<100020;
col1
----------
d4837c30
87a46f7a
2f42a9c9
4481c793
68800204
613b9205
9d8f4a0a
5cc4ff9e
f948cd10
f2775cee
(10 rows)
Time: 3.884 ms
---
---随机查找,列存比行存快近35倍
---
mogdb=# select col1 from test_t limit 10;
col1
----------
c2780d93
294be14d
4e53b761
2c10f8a2
ae776743
7d683c66
b3b40054
7e56edf9
a7b7336e
ea3d47d9
(10 rows)
Time: 249.887 ms
mogdb=# select col1 from column_t limit 10;
col1
----------
a745d77b
4b6df494
76fed9c1
70c9664d
3384de8a
4158f3bf
5d1c3b9f
341876bb
f396f4ed
abfd78bb
(10 rows)
Time: 7.738 ms
查找全部数据:
---
---行存比列存查询快30%
---
mogdb=# select * from test_t limit 10;
id | col1 | col2 | create_time
----+----------+------+-------------------------------
1 | c2780d93 | .37 | 2020-10-26 14:27:33.304108+08
2 | 294be14d | .57 | 2020-10-26 14:27:33.304108+08
3 | 4e53b761 | .98 | 2020-10-26 14:27:33.304108+08
4 | 2c10f8a2 | .27 | 2020-10-26 14:27:33.304108+08
5 | ae776743 | .97 | 2020-10-26 14:27:33.304108+08
6 | 7d683c66 | .58 | 2020-10-26 14:27:33.304108+08
7 | b3b40054 | .44 | 2020-10-26 14:27:33.304108+08
8 | 7e56edf9 | .43 | 2020-10-26 14:27:33.304108+08
9 | a7b7336e | .31 | 2020-10-26 14:27:33.304108+08
10 | ea3d47d9 | .42 | 2020-10-26 14:27:33.304108+08
(10 rows)
Time: 6.822 ms
mogdb=# select * from column_t limit 10;
id | col1 | col2 | create_time
----+----------+------+-------------------------------
1 | a745d77b | .33 | 2020-10-26 14:28:20.633253+08
2 | 4b6df494 | .42 | 2020-10-26 14:28:20.633253+08
3 | 76fed9c1 | .73 | 2020-10-26 14:28:20.633253+08
4 | 70c9664d | .74 | 2020-10-26 14:28:20.633253+08
5 | 3384de8a | .48 | 2020-10-26 14:28:20.633253+08
6 | 4158f3bf | .59 | 2020-10-26 14:28:20.633253+08
7 | 5d1c3b9f | .63 | 2020-10-26 14:28:20.633253+08
8 | 341876bb | .97 | 2020-10-26 14:28:20.633253+08
9 | f396f4ed | .73 | 2020-10-26 14:28:20.633253+08
10 | abfd78bb | .30 | 2020-10-26 14:28:20.633253+08
(10 rows)
Time: 9.982 ms
更新数据:
---
---直接更新一个字段,列存比行存快近7倍
---
mogdb=# update test_t set col1=col1;
UPDATE 1000000
Time: 19779.978 ms
mogdb=# update column_t set col1=col1;
UPDATE 1000000
Time: 2702.339 ms
总结
- 列存表比行存表在磁盘空间占用上节省近6倍。
- 查询指定字段,列存表比行存表快约20-35倍。
- select * 的方式,列存表比行存表慢30%。
- 默认压缩方式批量导入数据,列存表比行存表快40%。